commands" -- Overview" "
The following lists the commands included with
COHERENT. The command name is given on the left and a
description on the right.
CD-ROM Commands
The following commands let you manipulate a CD-ROM device.
ccddppllaayyeerr Play audio CDs
ccddvv Interface to CD-ROM devices
ccddvviieeww Read a file from a CD-ROM
Communications
The following commands let you exchange information with
other users and other systems.
cckkeerrmmiitt Interactive inter-system communication and file transfer
ccuu UNIX-compatible interactive communications program
mmaaiill Send/read electronic mail
mmeessgg Permit/deny messages from other users
mmssgg Send a brief message to other users
mmssggss Read messages intended for all COHERENT users
uuuucciiccoo Connect to a remote system
uuuuccpp Copy a file to or from a remote system
wwaallll Send a message to all logged in users
wwrriittee Converse with another user
De-fragmentation Commands
The following commands give you information about the degree
of fragmentation shown by a file system's free list. They
can also rebuild a file system, to de-fragment it and so
greatly the speed with which you can read and write it.
ddppaacc De-fragment a COHERENT file system
ffmmaapp Measure fragmentation of the free list
qqppaacc Map the file system
ssppaacc Sort a file system
uuppaacc De-fragment a file system without sorting
Directory and File Handling
The following commands let you create, remove, and otherwise
manipulate files and directories.
ccaatt Concatenate a file to the standard output
ccdd Change directory
cchhggrrpp Change the group owner of a file
cchhmmoodd Change the modes of a file
cchhmmoogg Change mode, ownership, and group of a file
cchhoowwnn Change ownership of a file
ccmmpp Compare bytes of two files
ccoommpprreessss Compress a file
ccpp Copy a file
ccppddiirr Copy directory hierarchy
dddd Convert the contents of a file
ddooss Manipulate files on MS-DOS file systems
ddoossccaatt Concatenate a file on an MS-DOS file system
ddoossccpp Copy files to/from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossccppddiirr Copy directories to/from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossddiirr List the contents of an MS-DOS directory
ddoossddeell Delete a file from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossffoorrmmaatt Build an MS-DOS file system on a floppy disk
ddoossllaabbeell Label an MS-DOS floppy disk
ddoossllss List files on an MS-DOS file system
ddoossmmkkddiirr Create a directory in an MS-DOS file system
ddoossrrmm Remove a file from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossrrmmddiirr Remove a directory from an MS-DOS file system
ffddiisskk View/change hard-disk partitioning
ffiillee Name a file's type
ffiinndd Search for files satisfying a pattern
ggzziipp GNU utility to compress files
gguunnzziipp GNU utility to uncompress files
ll List directory's contents in long format
llcc List directory's contents in columnar format
llff List directory's contents in columnar format
llnn Create a link to a file
llrr List subdirectorys' contents in columnar format
llss List directory's contents
llxx List directory's contents in columnar format
mmkkddiirr Create a directory
mmvv Rename files or directories
mmvvddiirr Rename a directory
ppwwdd Print the name of the current directory
qqffiinndd Quickly find all files with a given name
rrmm Remove files
rrmmddiirr Remove directories
ttoouucchh Update modification time of a file
uunnccoommpprreessss Uncompress a file
uunnppaacckk GNU utility to uncompress files
uunnzziipp Unzip a zipped archive
wwhheerreeiiss Locate source, binary, and manual files
wwhhiicchh Locate executable files
zzccaatt Concatenate a compressed file
zzccmmpp Compare compressed files
zzffoorrccee Force the suffix ..ggzz onto every ggzziipp file
zznneeww Recompress ..ZZ files to ..ggzz files
Editors
COHERENT includes a number of text editors, to suit a
variety of tastes.
eedd Interactive line editor
eellvviiss Berkeley-style screen editor
eemmaaccss COHERENT screen editor
eexx Berkeley-style line editor
mmee COHERENT screen editor
sseedd Stream editor
vvii Berkeley-style screen editor
Games
The following commands are just for fun.
aallmmaannaacc Print an almanac entry for this date
bbaannnneerr Print large sized letters
ccaall Print a calendar
cchhaassee Highly amusing video game
ffoorrttuunnee Print randomly selected, hopefully humorous, text
gguueessss Extraordinarily amusing guessing game
lliinneess Highly amusing board game
mmoooo Greatly amusing numeric guessing game
rruubbiikk Play Rubik's cube
tttttt Three-dimensional tic-tac-toe
Kernel Tools
The following commands let you configure the COHERENT
kernel, and build a new bootable kernel:
aassyyppaattcchh Patch a kernel file for an asynchronous configuration
ccoohhttuunnee Set a variable within a device driver
iiddbblldd Reconfigure the COHERENT kernel
iiddeennaabbllee Enable or disable a device driver
iiddmmkkccoohh Build a new kernel
iiddttuunnee Set a tunable system value
ppaattcchh Patch a variable or flag within the kernel
Languages and Programming Tools
The COHERENT system comes with a number of languages, and
tools for debugging and maintaining your programs.
aass Mark Williams assembler
aassffiixx Convert file to 80386 aass form
aawwkk Report generation, pattern scanning, and processing language
cccc C-language compiler
ccddmmpp Dump COFF files into a readable form
ccoonnvv Numeric base converter
ccpppp C preprocessor
ddbb Assembly-level symbolic debugger
lldd Link relocatable object files
lleexx Lexical analyzer generator
mm44 Macro processor
mmaakkee Program building discipline
mmaakkeeddeeppeenndd Generate list of dependencies for a mmaakkeeffiillee
nnmm Print a program's symbol table
oodd Print an octal dump of a file
pprrooff Print execution profile of a C program
rreeff Display a C function header
ssrrccppaatthh Find source files
ssiizzee Print size of an object file
ssttrriipp Strip symbol tables from executable file
yyaacccc Parser generator
Libraries and Archives
The following commands help you create and read libraries
and archives. These can be used as libraries (such as the
libraries used when linking a C program), or to back up
files.
aarr The object librarian/archiver
ccppiioo Archiving/backup utility
dduummpp File-system backup utility
dduummppddaattee Print dump dates
dduummppddiirr Print the directory of a dump
ggnnuuccppiioo Archiving/backup utility
ggttaarr Archiving/backup utility
rraannlliibb Create index for object library
rreessttoorr Restore file system
ttaarr Archiving/backup utility
Mail
COHERENT comes with with a full-featured, UNIX-style mail
facility based on the program smail. This is
described in the overview article mmaaiill. The following
commands perform mail-related work. Some are also listed in
other sections of this article. Please note that the
descriptions of smail and
rmail are only for those users who wish to
manipulate UUCP" mailing on a low level; for most users, the
descriptions under the command mail are
more than sufficient.
cchheecckkeerrrr Check the mail system for errors
ccvvmmaaiill Convert stored mail to System V format
ggeettmmaapp De-archive Usenet map articles
llmmaaiill Deliver local mail
mmaaiill Send/read electronic mail
mmaaiillqq Display information about spooled mail
mmkkddbbmm Build a data base for ssmmaaiill
mmkkffnnaammeess Generate data base of user names
mmkkhhppaatthh Build a ppaatthhaalliiaass data base from a hhoossttss table
mmkklliinnee Fold mail data into one-line records
mmkkppaatthh Create a pathalias output file
mmkkssoorrtt Sort the standard input, allowing arbitrarily long lines
nneewwaalliiaasseess Build the aalliiaasseess data base from ASCII source
nnppttxx Generate permutations of users' full names
ppaatthhaalliiaass Generate a set of paths among computers"
ppaatthhmmeerrggee Merge sorted paths files
rrmmaaiill Receive mail
rrssmmttpp Run batched SMTP mail
rruunnqq Periodically process the mail queue
ssaavveelloogg Save a mail log
ssmmaaiill Send mail
ssmmttppdd SMTP daemon
For information on the configuration files used by the
smail system, see the overview article
mail, or the article Administering
COHERENT.
Printing
The following commands help you print text. For commands
that drive communications devices, e.g., modems, see the
section on _C_o_m_m_u_n_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s, above.
ccaanncceell Cancel a print job
cchhrreeqq Change priory, lifetime, or printer for a job
eeppssoonn Prepare a file for an Epson printer
ffnnkkeeyy Set/print function keys for the console
hhpp Prepare files for HP LaserJet-compatible printer
hhpprr Send to LaserJet printer spooler
hhppsskkiipp Abort/restart current listing on LaserJet
llpp Spool a job for printing
llppaaddmmiinn Administer the llpp print-spooler system
llppsscchheedd Print jobs spooled with command llpp
llppsshhuutt Turn off the printer daemon
llpprr Send to line printer spooler
llppsskkiipp Terminate/restart current line printer listing
llppssttaatt Give status of printer or job
ppccllffoonntt Prepare a PCL font for downloading via MLP
rreepprriinntt Reprint a spooled print job
rroouuttee Show or reset a user's default printer
ssttttyy Set/print terminal modes
Shell Commands
COHERENT comes with two command interpreters, or _s_h_e_l_l_s:
ksh, the Korn shell, and sh, the
Bourne shell. The following commands are used either by the
Korn shell, by the Bourne shell, or by both. Please note
that commands used only by the Korn shell are marked by a
dagger `|-', whereas commands used only by the Bourne shell
are marked by an asterisk `*'.
aalliiaass|- Set an alias
bbaasseennaammee Strip path information from a file name
bbiinndd|- Bind key sequence to editing command
bbrreeaakk Exit from shell construct
bbuuiillttiinn|- Execute a command as a built-in command
ccaassee Execute commands conditionally according to pattern
ccdd Change directory
ccoonnttiinnuuee Terminate current iteration of shell construct
ddiirrnnaammee Extract a directory name
ddiirrss* Print contents of directory stack
eecchhoo Repeat an argument
eevvaall Evaluate arguments
eexxeecc Execute command directly
eexxiitt Exit from a shell
eexxppoorrtt Add a shell variable to the environment
eexxpprr Compute a command line expression
ffaallssee Unconditional failure
ffcc|- Edit and re-execute one or more previous commands
ffoorr Execute commands for tokens in list
ffrroomm Generate list of numbers, for use in loop
ggeettooppttss Parse command-line options
hhaasshh|- Add a command to the shell's hash table
iidd Print user and group IDs and names
iiff Execute a command conditionally
jjoobbss|- Print information about jobs
lleett Evaluate an expression
nnoohhuupp Run a command while ignoring hangup signals
ppooppdd* Pop an item from the directory stack
pprreepp Produce a word list
pprriinntt|- Echo text onto the standard output
ppuusshhdd* Push an item onto the directory stack
rreeaadd Assign values to shell variables
rreeaaddoonnllyy Mark a shell variable as read only
sseett Set shell option flags and positional parameters
sshhiifftt Shift positional parameters
sslleeeepp Stop executing for a specified time
tteeee Copy input to multiple output streams
tteesstt Evaluate conditional expression
ttiimmeess Print total user and system times
ttrraapp Execute command on receipt of signal
ttrruuee Unconditional success
ttyyppeesseett|- Set/list variables and their attributes
uummaasskk Set the file-creation mask
uunnaalliiaass|- Remove an alias
uunnsseett Unset an environmental variable or shell function
uunnttiill Execute commands repeatedly
wwaaiitt Await completion of background process
wwhheennccee|- List a command's type
wwhhiillee Execute commands repeatedly
xxaarrggss Execute a command with many arguments
String Processing
Some of the most useful commands are those that process
strings. COHERENT has many commands that search for
strings, manipulate strings, sort strings, and otherwise
perform useful manipulations on strings.
cc Print multi-column output
ccggrreepp Pattern search for C programs
ccoommmm Print common lines
ccuutt Select portions of each line of a file
ddeettaabb Replace tab characters with spaces
ddiiffff Summarize differences between two files
ddiiffff33 Summarize differences among three files
eeggrreepp Extended pattern search
ggrreepp Pattern search
hheeaadd Print the beginning of a file
jjooiinn Join two data bases
llooookk Find matching lines in a sorted file
mmoorree Display text one screenful at a time
ppaassttee Merge lines of files
rreevv Print text backwards
ssccaatt Print text files one screenful at a time
ssoorrtt Sort lines of text
sspplliitt Split a text file into smaller files
ssttrriinnggss Print all character strings from a file
ttaaiill Print the end of a file
ttrr Translate characters
ttssoorrtt Topological sort
uunniiqq Remove/count repeated lines in a sorted file
vviieeww Berkeley-style text viewer
wwcc Count words, lines, and characters in text files
zzddiiffff Compare two compressed files
zzggrreepp Search compressed files for a regular expression
zzmmoorree Display compressed text one page at a time
System Accounting
The following commands help you to keep track of how your
COHERENT system is working.
aacc Summarize login accounting information
aaccccttoonn Enable/disable process accounting
ddff Measure free space on disk
dduu Summarize disk usage
hhmmoonn Monitor the COHERENT System
ppss Print process status
ssaa Print a summary of process accounting
qquuoott Summarize file-system usage
ttiimmee Time the execution of a command
ttiimmeess Print total user and system times
uuuulloogg Examine UUCP" operations
System Maintenance
These commands help you to maintain your COHERENT system.
aassyymmkkddeevv Create nodes for asynchronous devices
aatt Execute commands at given time
bbaadd Maintain list of bad blocks
bbaaddssccaann Examine a device for bad blocks
bbuuiilldd Install COHERENT onto a hard disk
cchheecckk Check file system
ccllrrii Clear i-node
ccrroonnttaabb Copy a command file into the crontab directory
ddaattee Print/set the date and time
ddcchheecckk Check directory consistency
ffddffoorrmmaatt Low-level format a floppy disk
ffsscckk Check and repair file systems interactively
iicchheecckk i-node consistency check
mmkkffss Make a new file system
mmkknnoodd Make a special file or named pipe
mmoouunntt Mount a file system
nncchheecckk Print file names corresponding to i-node
nneewwggrrpp Change to a new group
nneewwuussrr Add new user to COHERENT system
rreebboooott Reboot the COHERENT system
sshhuuttddoowwnn Shut down the COHERENT system
ssyynncc Flush system buffers
ttttyyttyyppee Set default terminal types
uummoouunntt Unmount a file system
uuuucchhkk Sanity-check the UUCP" system
terminfo
COHERENT supports an implementation of
terminfo, the terminal-description utility
used under UNIX System V. (It also supports
termcap, should you prefer to use that
venerable, but still useful, system.) The following
commands help support terminfo:
ccaappttooiinnffoo Convert termcap data to tteerrmmiinnffoo form
iinnffooccmmpp De-compile a tteerrmmiinnffoo binary file
ttiicc Compile a tteerrmmiinnffoo description
Text Processors
These commands help you to create orderly, attractive
printed text. For information on how to print the output of
these commands, see the commands listed under _D_e_v_i_c_e
_H_a_n_d_l_i_n_g, above.
ccooll Remove reverse and half line motions
ddeerrooffff Remove text formatting control information
nnrrooffff Text-formatting language
ffmmtt Adjust the length of lines in a file of text
ffwwttaabbllee Build a font-width table from PCL or PostScript font
llccaasseepp Convert text to lower case
pprr Paginate and print files
pprrppss Paginate and print files on PostScript printers
PPSSffoonntt Cook an Adobe font into PostScript format
ssppeellll Find spelling errors
ttrrooffff Extended text-formatting language
ttyyppoo Detect possible typographical and spelling errors
UUCP
The UUCP" commands lets you form a network with other
COHERENT or UNIX systems. Members of the network can grant
each other permission to exchange mail and execute commands
on each others' systems remotely and automatically, without
having to be directed by a human being. The overview
article UUUUCCPP describes the COHERENT UUCP" facility in some
detail. The following commands perform UUCP"-related work;
note that some of the commands listed here also are also
listed in other sections of this article.
mmwwccbbbbss Download files from the Mark Williams bulletin board
uuuucchhkk Sanity-check the UUCP" system
uuuucciiccoo Connect to a remote system
uuuuccoonnvv Convert UUCP configuration files into Taylor format
uuuuccpp Copy a file to or from a remote system
uuuuddeeccooddee Decode a transmitted UUCP" file
uuuueennccooddee Encode a UUCP" file for tranmission
uuuuiinnssttaallll Configure UUCP" control files
uuuummkkddiirr Create UUCP" directories
uuuulloogg Examine UUCP" operations
uuuummvvlloogg Archive UUCP" log files
uuuunnaammee Print names of recognized systems
uuuuppiicckk Pick up a file uploaded from a remote system
uuuurrmmlloocckk Remove UUCP" lock files
uuuusscchheedd Call all systems that have jobs waiting for them
uuuuttoo Send a file to a remote system
uuuuttoouucchh Force polling of a remote site
uuuuxx Execute a command on a remote system
uuuuxxqqtt Execute file as requested by remote system
Miscellaneous
The following commands do not fit neatly into any of the
above categories. These include some of the more
interesting and useful COHERENT commands, and are worth your
attention.
aapprrooppooss Find manual pages on a given topic
AATTcclloocckk Read/set the AT realtime clock
bbcc Interactive calculator with arbitrary precision
ccaalleennddaarr Electronic reminder service
cchhrroooott Change root directory
cclleeaarr Clear your terminal's screen
ccoohh__iinnttrroo Tour the COHERENT file system
ccrryypptt Encrypt/decrypt text
ddcc Desk calculator
ddiissaabbllee Disable a port
eellvvpprrssvv Preserve the modified version of a file after a crash
eellvvrreecc Recover the modified version of a file after a crash
eennaabbllee Enable a port
eennvv Execute a command in an environment
ffaaccttoorr Factor a number
ffiinnddmmoouussee Examine a port to see if a mouse is plugged into it
ffttbbaadd Manipulate bad-block list on a floppy-tape cartridge
hheellpp Print concise description of command
iiddeeiinnffoo Display information about an IDE disk drive
iinnssttaallll Install a software update onto COHERENT
iippccrrmm Remove an interprocess-communication memory item
iippccss Display a snapshot of interprocess communications
kkiillll Signal a process
kksshh Invoke the Korn shell
llooggiinn Log in or change user name
mmaakkeebboooott Make a bootable floppy disk
mmaann Display Lexicon entries
mmkklloosstt++ffoouunndd Make an enlarged lloosstt++ffoouunndd directory
ppaasssswwdd Set/change login password
pphhoonnee Print numbers and addresses from phone directory
ssccrriipptt Capture a terminal session into a file
sshh Invoke the Bourne shell
ssuu Substitute user id, become superuser
ssuumm Print checksum of a file
ttaappee Manipulate a tape device
ttttyy Print the user's terminal name
ttttyyssttaatt Get terminal status
uunnaammee Print information about the system
uunniittss Convert units of measure
vvsshh Invoke the COHERENT visual shell
wwhhoo Print who is logged in
yyeess Print infinitely many responses
For more information on any of these commands, see its entry
within the Lexicon.
See Also